References and Bibliography

Many documents were consulted in the preparation of these pages. These are reviewed and cited in detail in a paper entitled 'Local transport solutions: people, paradoxes and progress' which is available here. The references consulted included:

Affani, M. 1989. Report annuel compagne 1988-89. Service de gestion des facteurs de production. Ministère de Développement Rural Zone ll, Bafata, Guinée-Bissau.

Airey T and Barwell I, 1991. Report on interim analysis of first village-level survey in Zambia. Village level transport and travel surveys and related case studies. IT Transport Ltd, Ardinton, UK for Rural Travel and Transport Project, Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program, International Labour Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. 146p.

AITD, 1996. Non motorised transport in India: current status and policy issues. Asian Institute of Transport Development, New Delhi, India. 141p.

Ayre M and Smith A, 1987. Puncture prevention techniques for low cost vehicles. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK. 40p. ISBN 0-946688-14-1

Barwell I and Hathway G, 1986. The design and manufacture of animal-drawn carts. Technical memorandum prepared for ILO/HABITAT. Intermediate Technology Publications, London. 72p.

Barwell I and Howe J, 1980. Intermediate transport technology. Appropriate Technology 7(1): 9-11.

Barwell I and Malmberg Calvo C, 1989. Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project: the transport demands of rural households. Findings from a village level travel survey. Employment and Development Department, International Labour Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. 178p.

Bierig M, Derebe Kasai and Tadelle Dereba, 1988. Report about the Madeta cart. Appropriate Technology Project, Ambo Junior College of Agriculture, Ambo, Ethiopia. 16p.

Biggs S D, Kelly A P and Balasuriya G, 1993. Rural entrepreneurs, two-wheel tractors and markets for services: a case study from Sri Lanka. Discussion paper 242. School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. 43p. ISBN 1 898285 85 3

Bamberger M and Lebo J, 1999. Gender and transport: a rationale for action. Premnotes No 14. Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network, The World Bank, Washington DC, USA. 4p.

Clarke N, 1999. Considering wheelchair riders as transport users. pp. 195-214 in: Meeting transport needs with intermediate modes of transport. Lanka Forum of Rural Transport Development, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 221p. ISBN 955‑8233801‑3

Connerley E and Schroeder L, 1996. Rural transport planning: approach paper. SSATP Working Paper No 19. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP), The World Bank, Washington DC, USA. 60p.

Crossley P and Ellis S, 1996. A handbook of rural transport vehicles in developing countries. Silsoe College, Cranfield, UK and Transport Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, UK. 194p.

Dawson J and Barwell I, 1993. Roads are not enough: new perspectives on rural transport plannng in developing countries.  Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK. ISBN 1 85339 191 3

Dennis R, 1999. Issues relating to the demand for and supply of IMT in SSA. Paper and overheads prepared for experts meeting held 15-18 June 1999, Nairobi, Kenya. Rural Travel and Transport Program (RTTP), World Bank, Harare, Zimbabwe. 22p. (Proceedings in preparation).

Dogger J W, 1990. Final report ox-cart testing activities August 1987 - July 1990. Animal Draught Power Research and Development Project, Magoye Regional Research Station, Magoye, Zambia. 40p.

Ellis S, 1999. The economics of the provision of rural transport services. pp. 35-67 in: Meeting transport needs with intermediate modes of transport. Lanka Forum of Rural Transport Development, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 221p. ISBN 955‑8233801‑3

Ellis S D and Hine J L, 1998. The provision of rural transport services: approach paper. SSATP Working Paper No 37. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP), The World Bank, Washington DC, USA. 64p.

Fernando P, 1997. Balancing the load: gender issues in rural transport. International Forum for Rural Transport and Development (IFRTD), London, UK. 7p.

Fernando P and Starkey P, 2000. Donkeys and development: socio-economic issues. pp. 31-44 in: Starkey P and Fielding D (eds), 2000. Donkeys, people and development. A resource book of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA). ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 247p. ISBN 92-9081-219-2. Paper available from http://www.atnesa.org

Fischer R, 1994a. Transfer of animal traction technology: lessons from project experiences in Zimbabwe, Cameroon and Tanzania. pp 296-300 in: Starkey P, Mwenya E and Stares J (eds), Improving animal traction technology. Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 496p. ISBN 92-9081-127-7

Fischer R, 1994b. A note on the use of donkeys for rural road maintenance in Tanga Region, Tanzania. pp 448-449 in: Starkey P, Mwenya E and Stares J (eds), Improving animal traction technology. Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 496p. ISBN 92-9081-127-7

Gleick J, 1987. Chaos: making a new science. Cardinal/Sphere Books, Macdonald Publishers, London, UK. ISBN 0-7474-0413-5

Geta Kidanmariam, 2000. The use of donkeys for transport in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. pp. 53-56 in: Starkey P and Fielding D (eds), 2000. Donkeys, people and development. A resource book of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA). ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 247p. ISBN 92-9081-219-2. Paper available from http://www.atnesa.org

Guitink P, 1996. Strategic planning for non-motorized mobility. Transport Notes OT-4. The World Bank, Washington DC, USA. 5p. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/transport/publicat/td-ot4.htm

Havard M and Faye A, 1988. Eléments d’analyse de la situation actuelle de la culture attelée au Sénégal: perspectives d’études et de recherches. pp. 241-252 in: P H Starkey and F Ndiamé (eds), Animal power in farming systems. Vieweg for German Appropriate Technology Exchange, GTZ, Eschborn, Germany. 363p. ISBN 3-528-02047-4

Helsloot H, Sichembe H and Chelemu K, 1993. Animal powered rural transport in Zambia: prospects and constraints for development. Instituut voor Mechanisatie, Arbeid en Gebouwen (IMAG-DLO), Wageningen, The Netherlands.  66p.

Herbel D and Camara B, 1990. Le développement de la culture attelée dans la province de l’Est. Mission de coopération française en Guinée-Bissau et Projet de développement rural de la province de L’Est, Bafata, Guinée-Bissau. 120p.

Hinz H-J, 1988. String-spoked wooden wheels. GATE (German Appropriate Technology Exchange) Questions, Answers, Information 2/88: 24-26.

Howe J, 1989. Social and economic impact of carts and wheelbarrows on women. Report for United Nations Development Fund for Women. IT Transport Ltd, Ardington, UK. 71p.

Howe J, 1997. Transport for the poor or poor transport? A general review of rural transport policy in developing countries with emphasis on low-income areas. International Labour Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.  78p. ISBN 92-2-110473-7

Howe J and Barwell I, 1987. Study of potential for intermediate means of transport Volume 1 and 2. Report for World Bank and Ministry of Transport and Communications, Ghana. IT Transport Ltd, Ardington, UK. 125p + 98p.

Howe J and Dennis R, 1993. The bicycle in Africa: luxury or necessity? Paper prepared for Velocity conference on ‘The civilised city: response to new transport priorities’ held 6-10 September 1993, Nottingham, UK. International Institute for Infrastruc­ture, Hydraulic and Environmen­tal Engineering. IHE Working Paper IP-3, Delft, The Netherlands.

Howe J and Iyiola Oni S, 1996. Nigeria downsizes to motorbikes. Sustainable Transport. 6: (Summer 1996:  pp 11,18, 20). Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, New York, USA.

Howe J and Zille P, 1988. The transport demands of small-farm households in Africa: a synthesis of IT Transport research. IT Transport Ltd, Ardington, UK. 36p.

IRF, 1999. World road statistics. International Road Federation (IRF), Geneva, Switzerland.

ITDG, undated. Agricultural Green Leaflets: Carts: ox-cart using old car wheels, the Wananchi ox-cart and cart for one draught animal. Agricultural equipment and tools for farmers designed for local construction. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK. 5p.

ITDG, 1995. Annual report 1994/5 (pp 14-15). Intermediate Technology Development Group, Rugby, UK.

ITDP, 1996. Jarkarta’s non-motorized modes ‘living dangerously’. Sustainable Transport. 6: (Summer 1996):  pp 8-10. Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, New York, USA.

ITDP, 1999. New attack on cycle rickshaws in Indonesia. Campaign information circulated by Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, New York, USA. (http://www.ITDP.org).

IT News, 1987. Renewed production initiative for cycle trailers in India. Page 2, Intermediate Technology News. Appropriate Technology 14:1

IT News, 1988. Cycle trailer manufacture accelerates in India. Page 1, Intermediate Technology News. Appropriate Technology 15:1

IT News, 1989. First cycle trailers tested in Africa. Page 2, Intermediate Technology News. Appropriate Technology 15:4

IT News, 1990. Enthusiastic response to cycle trailers in Sri Lanka. Page 2, Intermediate Technology News. Appropriate Technology 17:3

IT News, 1994. Meeting the transport needs of poor people with cycles and trailers. Page 3, Intermediate Technology News. Appropriate Technology 20:4

ITSL, 1997. Cycle-based transport project extension document. IT Sri Lanka (ITSL), Colombo, Sri Lanka.

ITSL, 1998. Cycle-based transport project completion report. IT Sri Lanka (ITSL), Colombo, Sri Lanka.

IT Transport, 1996. Promoting intermediate means of transport: approach paper. SSATP Working Paper No 20. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP), The World Bank, Washington DC, USA. 46p.

Jennings M, 1992. Study on the constraints to women=s use of transport in Makate District, Tanzania.  International Labour Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland.  50p.

Kauffman S, 1993. A review of the poverty alleviation components within a feeder roads program. Northern Region Pilot Scheme, Ministry of Transport, Accra, Ghana. 20p.

Kebede Desta, 1994. Development and transfer of animal traction technology in Ethiopia. pp 454-455 in Starkey P, Mwenya E and Stares J (eds), 1994. Improving animal traction technology. Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 490p. ISBN 92-9081-127-7

Litman T, Blair R, Demopoulos W, Eddy N, Fritzel A, Laidlaw D and Maddox H, 2000. Pedestrian and bicycle planning: a guide to best practices. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Victoria BC, Canada. 84p. (Document available for downloading from: http://www.vtpi.org).

Löffler C, 1994. Transfer of animal traction technology to farmers in the North Western Province of Zambia. pp 354-359 in Starkey P, Mwenya E and Stares J (eds), 1994. Improving animal traction technology. Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 490p. ISBN 92-9081-127-7

Makwanda A C, 1994. Women and animal traction technology: experiences of the Tanga Draft Animal Project, Tanzania. pp 276-279 in: Starkey P, Mwenya E and Stares J (eds), Improving animal traction technology. Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 496p. ISBN 92-9081-127-7

Malmberg Calvo C, 1992. Case studies on intermediate means of transport and the role of women in rural transport: intermediate means of transport, women and rural transport in Eastern Uganda. SSATP Working Paper 3. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP), The World Bank, Washington DC, USA. 72p.

Malmberg Calvo C, 1994a. Case study on the role of women in rural transport: access of women to domestic facilities. SSATP Working Paper No 11. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP), The World Bank, Washington DC, USA. 59p.

Malmberg Calvo C, 1994b. Case study on intermediate means of transport: bicycles and rural women in Uganda. SSATP Working Paper No 12. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP), The World Bank, Washington DC, USA. 57p.

Matthies A, 1991. The medieval wheelbarrow. Technology and culture 32 (2): 356-364.

Metschies G P, 1999. Fuel prices and taxation. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany. 94p. (Can be downloaded from: http://www.zietlow.com/docs/engdocs.htm)

Mudzamba E, 1998. The transport burden on women and girls in Zimbabwe’s rural areas. Ministry of Transport and Energy, Harare, Zimbabwe in association with International Labour Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland. 34p.

Mujemula F K, 1994. Improving animal-drawn transport technology in Tanzania: work on ox carts and bearings. pp. 414-417 in: Starkey P, Mwenya E and Stares J (eds), Improving animal traction technology. Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 490p. ISBN 92-9081-127-7

Mwenya E and Chisembele C, 1999. Donkeys in Zambia: experiences with their importation and quarantine. pp. 145-149 in: Starkey P and Fielding D (eds), 2000. Donkeys, people and development. A resource book of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA). ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 247p. ISBN 92-9081-219-2. Paper available from http://www.atnesa.org

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Palmer C, 1998. Inland water transport: an IFRTD issues paper. International Forum for Rural Transport and Development (IFRTD), London, UK. 12p.

Pannilage U, 1998. Personal communication. IT Sri Lanka, (itsrilan@sri.lanka.net), 5 Lionel Edirisinghe Mawatha, Kirillapone, Colombo 5, Sri Lanka.

Pannilage U, 1999. IMTs in the Asian Region. Paper prepared for experts meeting held 15-18 June 1999, Nairobi, Kenya. Rural Travel and Transport Program (RTTP), World Bank, Harare, Zimbabwe. 9p. (Proceedings in preparation).

Plumbe A J and Byrne H M, 1981. The role of the agricultural tractor in road haulage in Sri Lanka. Report 1007. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, UK. 19p. ISSN 0305-1293

PTMR (Madagascar), 1999. Résumé exécutif de l’atelier national 10-12 mai, 1999, Antananarivo. Programme de Transport en Milieu Rural (PTMR), Ministère des Travaux Publics, Antananarivo, Madagascar. 60p.

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