“The Regulation of buses and minibuses: private sector participation as catalysts to reform in Kigali, Rwanda,” is one of eight case studies part of a series titled Studies of Informal Passenger Transport Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa. It describes the recent history of public transport in Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda, and focuses on private-sector involvement as a catalyst for reform. The research was conducted in 2021 and 2022 and reflects the situation until that time. The ambitious top-down transformation of the paratransit sector in the city was largely based on operators’ corporatization and regulatory framework changes. The report describes the reform process and results in a comprehensive manner, introducing previously unpublished data and an analysis of the outcomes for the main stakeholders.