Smart-card readers
Smart-card readers are devices that are can communicate with smart-cards according to the relevant standards and protocols, and read the stored data. The readers are essentially the interface between the card and the system-side applications that wish to interact with them.
Normally, smart-card readers can also write information to the smart-card. The extent to which smart-card readers can read and write to a smart-card is dependent on (a) the relevant software available to the reader; and (b) the authorizations which have been granted to the reader in relation to the card and the applications it contains.
The physical configuration of smart-card readers depends substantially on whether the reader should read contact cards or contactless cards (some readers can handle both).
- Contact smart-card readers have a mechanism to receive and hold the card for the duration of the transaction. The card acceptor must bring the card into a position where the contacts on the card are touching the corresponding contacts with the reader. Communication takes place by electrical pulses through the contacts. When the transaction is finished, the card is ejected or removed by the user. This can be with or without a motorized mechanism to assist the card entry / exit.
- Contactless card readers work quite differently. The communication is wireless. The reader creates an induction field in its immediate vicinity. When a card enters the induction field, it uses the energy for the power required for communications. The card and the reader exchange data using radio waves. The card needs to be held in the vicinity of the reader until the transaction is complete. Contactless card readers normally have a prominent, color-differentiated area to make it clear to the user where to place the card. An audible signal is given when the transaction is complete, to indicate to the customer that they can now safely remove the card.
Smart-card readers are normally linked to other devices (e.g. ticket-issuing machines, PCs), or embedded in them (smart-card validators, vending machines, turnstiles, fare-boxes).
Smart-card readers provide the interface between the card and the system that needs to interact with it. They are the fundamental ‘building block’ of smart-card systems, and support a wide range of applications:
- Card initialization
- Application and authorization loading
- Value loading and top-ups
- Interaction with self-service machines
- Validation of travel passes
- Deduction of stored value and multi-journey fare product
- Integration into turnstiles, gates and fare-boxes
- Inspection and other handheld units
Benefits of smart-card readers are:
- Provide a secure interface with the smart-cards.
- Can be integrated into a wide array of devices.
- Mature technology, well supported by international standards.
- Generic component, used in many sectors, with advantages of volume production (and hence competitive cost) and wide range of suppliers.
Cautions with regard to smart-card readers are:
- Technical complexity, which requires a substantial level of technical competence within the organization.
- Need to select an appropriate reader for the context and functionality.
- Ensuring the integration and protocols with other devices.