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• Overview
  • Toolkit structure
  • Decision process for reforming a fare collection system
  • Lessons learned from the Case Studies
  • Credits and acknowledgements
  • Technical specifications
  • How to use the Toolkit
  • Site map
• Framework
  • Sector funding and cost recovery
    • Cost recovery from route operations
    • Service standards
    • Public service obligations (PSO)
    • PSO reimbursement
    • Capital expenditure
    • Maintenance expenditure
    • External funding sources
    • Addressing funding deficits
    • Application of subsidies
  • Economic regulation
    • Regulation of competition
    • Form of service contracting
    • Setting of service standards
    • Market entry requirements
    • Control of tariffs
    • Frequency of tariff adjustment
    • Level of tariff adjustment
    • Predatory pricing
  • Role of public and private sectors
    • Enabling frameworks
    • Service delivery
    • Revenue risk allocation
    • Investment and risk allocation
    • Regulatory and operational control
  • Institutional framework
    • Area of jurisdiction
    • Enabling legal framework
    • Passenger transport authority
    • Operating and infrastructure entities
    • Transport operators or collectives
    • External control agencies
• Objectives
  • Fare policy objectives
    • Standard pricing for similar services
    • Standard pricing for all journeys
    • Minimizing cost of interchange (transfer)
    • Protection of disadvantaged groups
    • Direct poverty alleviation
    • Modal equality
    • Modal diversion
    • Modal diversion
  • Fare pricing objectives
    • Revenue maximization
    • Profit maximization
    • Related to value of service
    • Related to cost of production
    • Balancing value and cost priorities
  • Fare system objectives
    • Understandable by passengers
    • Simple to administer by agents
    • Doesn’t unduly slow boarding
    • Amenable to security controls
    • Controls acceptable to passengers
    • Clarity in the allocation of revenue
    • Generate travel planning data
    • Minimize cost of operation
    • Maximize investment returns
• Practices
  • Fare structures
    • Flat fare over urban network
    • Route-specific flat fares
    • Flat fare from point of boarding
    • Distance-graduated fares
    • Graduated fares with taper
    • Zonal and honeycomb fare patterns
    • Travel-time related fares
    • Fares related to number of boardings
  • Fare products
    • Single-trip, adult fare
    • Return-trip, adult fare
    • Off-peak travel fares
    • Daily fares cap
    • Period fares
    • Group fares
  • Fare integration modalities
    • Interchange routing validities
    • Interchange with same operator
    • Interchange between operators
    • Discounts from standard fares
  • Fare pricing differentiation
    • Variation by travel time or day
    • Variation by speed of travel
    • Variation by standard of service
    • Variation by method of payment
    • Variation by nature of passenger
  • Concessionary fares
    • Purpose of concession
    • Extent of concession
    • Categories of coverage
    • Method of identification
    • Informal concessions
  • System payments management
    • Collection of monies from fare sales
    • Data collection from fare validation
    • Collection of subsidy from its sources
    • Management of revenue sharing
    • Payment of production contracts
• Procedures
  • Identification of correct fare to be paid
    • Information at terminal or stop
    • Information on the vehicle
    • Information remote from the service
    • Demand-responsive transport
  • Off-board travel payment systems
    • Sales agency and reward
    • Point and method of ticket sale
    • Ticketing medium
    • Stored-value products
    • Other payment validation media
    • Value charging to media
    • Periodic passes
  • On board travel payment systems
    • Ticketless, crew cash collection
    • Ticketless, fare-box cash collection
    • Pre-printed tickets
    • Tickets printed at point of issue
    • Stored-value products
  • On-board travel payment location
    • At entry, to driver
    • At entry, to static conductor
    • During travel, to roving conductor
    • At exit, to driver or conductor
    • At entry or exit, with direction of travel
  • Point of fare validation
    • At terminal or stop barrier
    • On-board vehicle, off-board sale
    • On-board vehicle, at point of sale
  • Verification of correct fare at alighting
    • On-board vehicle, manned
    • On-board vehicle, machine
    • At terminal or stop barrier
  • Revenue protection processes
    • Managing evasion
    • Passenger evasion
    • Crew peculation
    • Passenger / inspection collusion
    • Passenger / crew collusion
    • Crew / inspection collusion
    • Crew / machine repairer collusion
    • Penalty fares and application
    • Criminalization of offences
  • System security management
    • Securing cash arising from sales
    • Management of ticketing media
    • Management of fare sales equipment
    • Management of electronic security
  • Revenue reconciliation
    • Ticket sales consolidation
    • Ticket validation conciliation
    • Communications
    • Revenue reconciliation
• Technologies
  • Farebox
    • Coin or token accepting
    • Currency note accepting
    • Linked to the ticket issuing machine
  • Tickets
    • Pre-printed paper or card
    • Pre-printed, multi-journey
    • Printed at point of issue
    • Smart paper ticket
    • Magnetic-stripe
    • SMS text on phone or PDA
    • Scanable image on phone or PDA
    • Machine-readable applet
  • Ticket issuing machine
    • Ticket issuing machine
    • Electronic, handheld
    • Electronic, On-Board
    • Electronic, off-vehicle
  • Ticket validators
    • Hand hole-punch
    • Security hole-pattern punch
    • Security hole-pattern punch
    • Printed validation stamp
    • Printed stamp with time recording
  • Ticket readers, single use
    • Magnetic-stripe, read-only
    • Bar-code reader
    • Applet reader for phone or PDA
  • Ticket reader and decrementer
    • Magnetic-stripe, read and decrement
    • Magnetic stripe, read and write
    • Bar-code reader
    • Readers for inspection control
  • Smart-cards
    • Contact card
    • Contactless card
    • Proximity card (BIBO)
    • Electronic purse (ePurse)
    • Electronic purse (ePurse)
  • Smart-card transactions
    • Smart-card transactions
    • Smart-card readers
    • Smart-card validators
    • Smart-card proximity sensor
    • Secure application modules
  • Entry and exit barriers
    • Passive gate or turnstile
    • Gate with coin or token (jeton) operation
    • Gate with magnetic stripe reader
    • Gate with bar-code reader
    • Gate with smart-card reader
    • Multi-reader gate
• Case Studies
  • Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
  • Dublin, Ireland
  • Izmir, Turkey
  • Johannesburg, South Africa
  • Karnataka, India
  • Lagos, Nigeria
  • Sofia, Bulgaria
  • Sri Lanka
• Tools
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